vygotsky by ADRIANA E. SALGADO

Vygotsky : A central concept in Vygotsky theoretical is the role of social an individual learning development: Emphasizes in individual role social and collective. It fails to address how the external worlds is bridged across to the internal mind. It implies a “blinkered social consensualism.

For Vygotsky, the connection between the collective and individual consciousness exist trough the collective subjective with participation and contributions from its authentic beings now become not just larger than the total sum of individual beings, also qualitatively different existence. 

The role of language

Vygotsky´s focus in his psycholinguistic studies is on language use or world meaning, which he compared metaphorically to the living cells in a biological organism. His linguistic study was more like what we call today semantics and pragmatics.

The methodological approach Vygotsky developed to study then relationships between thinking and speaking process can also help inform investigations into the processes involving to acquiring capacity to communicative in a second language. To communicate an experience of some other content of consciousness to another person, it must be related to a class or group of phenomena. As we have pointed out, this requires generalization. Social interaction presupposes generalization and the development of verbal meaning; generalization becomes possible only with the development of social interaction. (Vygotsky, 1987, p. 48)

Vygotsky´s philosophy: constructivism and its criticism examined

The constructivism emphasis on learners and active participation and the heightened recognition given to the social nature of learning. The bad side of the constructivism lies in its tendency towards epistemological relativism.

1. Vygotsky´s theory differs from that of Piaget in a number of important ways:
2. Vygotsky places more emphasis on culture affecting cognitive development. This contradicts Piaget´s view of universal stages and content of development.
3. Vygotsky place considerably more emphasis on social factors contributing to cognitive development.
4. Vygotsky places more and different emphasis on the role of language in cognitive development, according to Piaget, language depends on thought for its development.
5. According to Vygotsky adults are an important source of cognitive development. They transmit culture´s tools of intellectual adaptation that children internalize.
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Theory of learning and development of Vygotsky,

By Jeynny Carol Perez

The work of Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934), is the basis of many theories on cognitive development especially in the theory of social development. Vygotsky believed that community is the central axis of cognitive development. Sociocultural theory emerges from Vygotsky's work in response to Behaviorism. Its main idea is that society, beliefs and cultural attitudes influence individual cognitive development and development of their abilities, allowing them to adapt to the environment in which they live. On the other hand Vygotsky as much as Jean Piaget are important figures in the constructivist theory, is a pedagogical current that is characterized by giving to the student tools that allow him to construct his own knowledge. Piaget believed that cognitive development was due to the evolution and origins of the human being, while Vygotsky believed that cognitive development is linked to socio-cultural development where social factors contribute to such development.

In addition, Piaget and Vygotsky affirmed that children are born with abilities that allow their intellectual development, but Piaget was inclined to the motor reflexes and sensorial capacities and Vygotsky refers to the elemental mental functions like the attention, sensation, perception and memory, that through contact with the sociocultural environment these skills become more sophisticated and effective. Vygotsky argues that every human being is born with abilities such as language and a  cognitive develoment but with the contact with the society they develop and improve them; he is one of those  contribute to the theory of constructivism.

Constructivism emerged as an epistemological current interested in understanding problems in the acquisition of knowledge. It is also a pedagogical behavior that conceives of learning as a result of a process of personal-collective construction of new knowledge and attitudes from those already existing in cooperation of peers and the facilitator. In this approach the active author of learning is the student who analyzes and reflects the knowledge acquired to recreate one's own.

The constructivist approach is based on three great authors Vygotsky, who emphasizes that knowledge is acquired and perfected with influence from the sociocultural environment; Piaget, who says that knowledge depends on the evolution of the human being and the stages of development that influence learning. moreover Ausubel, who promotes teaching by exposure to meaningful learning.

In conclusion, the method of constructivism is the most used today. To give an example, the distance or virtual education in which the student is the one who builds his own knowledge based on the experiences, with the help of the social environment and the teacher is the facilitator who gives all the necessary tools according to the needs of the students. Another example in an English class is: The teacher gives the explanation of a topic with didactic tools and the student exposes the subject by means of an exposition, an interview or a writing, which will be making known their experiences and experiences applied to the subject and its environment.

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AUDIO

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CLASSROOM EXAMPLE OF HIS THEORY IN ACTION by Irene Rodríguez

According to my experience,when I was a child I had the opportunity to engage in different learning activities like the socialization of our classroom projects in which we were protagonists and we could share with others what we learned, placing on stage our discoveries and new knowledge.

VYGOTSKY´S PHILOSOPHY BY ADRIANA SALGADO

The constructivism emphasis on learners and active participation and the heightened recognition given to the social nature of learning. The bad side of the constructivism lies in its tendency towards epistemological relativism.

Constructivism and criticisms in contemporary literature

Constructivism emerged as the leading metaphor of human learning as interest waned in behaviorist and information processing perspectives. The fact that constructivism consensually hold that knowledge is not mechanical acquired, but actively constructed within the constraints and offering of the learning environment.

Constructivism is basically a theory based on observation and scientific study about how people learn. It says that the people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, through the experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. Today there are variants of constructivism first the cognitive constructivism and radical constructivism.

The cognitive constructivism is believed to stem largely from piaget’s works  theorists affiliated with this line of thinking focus on the interpersonal prosses of individual knowledge construction cognitive or radical constructivists consequently emphasise learner-centred  and discovery oriented learning processes. Constructivism teachers encourage students to constantly assess how the activity is helping them gain understanding. By questioning   themselves and their strategies, students in the constructivism class ideally become expert learners. The active participation is very important, it is often seen that constructivism to easily dismisses the role of passive perception, memorization and mechanical learning methods in traditional didactic lecturing.

UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE by IRENE RODRIGUEZ

TASK 1B. UNDERSTANDING LANGUAGE

Lev Vygotsky believed that true education is not the mere learning of specific knowledge and skills, it is the development of children’s learning abilities – that is, their capacity to think clearly and creatively, plan and implement their plans, and communicate their understanding in a variety of ways. He believed this could be done by providing them with a set of cultural tools for thinking and creating.

Constructivism is an epistemology, or a theory, used to explain how people know what they know. The basic idea is that problem solving is at the heart of learning, thinking, and development. As people solve problems and discover the consequences of their actions–through reflecting on past and immediate experiences–they construct their own understanding. Learning is thus an active process that requires a change in the learner. This is achieved through the activities the learner engages in, including the consequences of those activities, and through reflection. People only deeply understand what they have constructed.

A according to the proposed material we can understand that the constructivist approach to learning and instruction has been proposed as an alternative to the objectivist model, which is implicit in all behaviorist and some cognitive approaches to education. Objectivism sees knowledge as a passive reflection of the external, objective reality. This implies a process of "instruction," ensuring that the learner gets correct information.

DEFINITION BY ADRIANA SALGADO

LANGUAGE DEFINITION:

A language is a system of communication which consist of a set of sounds and written symbols which are used by the people of a particular country for talking and writing. Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntary produced symbols. This system further includes a varities of modes such spoken oral language, written language that it is a system of communication based upon words and the combination of words into sentences and sign language among others.

LEARNING DEFINITION:

Learning is the relatively change is a person´s knowledge or behavior due to experience, it is a transformative process of talking in information, it is then process of gaining knowledge and expertise. Through the process, step-by-step an individual experiences permanent, lasting changes in knowledge, behaviors, or ways of processing the world. It is a process that leads to change, which occurs as a result of experience and increase the potential of improved performance.

TEACHING DEFINITION:

Teaching is a social process, it is a form of interpersonal influence aimed at changing the behavior potential of another person. It is a concerned with the activities with the guidance or direction of the learning of others. There are two parts the formal and informal teaching, formal which is systematic deliberate direct and consciously and informal when teaching one get the outside of classroom.  This includes motivation, encouragement and character building of the students. 

DEFINITION BY IRENE RODRÍGUEZ

LANGUAGE DEFINITION:

It is an organize system and exclusively human property, compound by symbols which are aimed to communicate thoughts, feeling ideas or information. This system further includes a varities of modes such spoken oral language, written language that it is a system of communication based upon words and the combination of words into sentences and sign language among others.

Through language the Human beings can communicate with each other, exchanging knowledge, beliefs, opinions, wishes, threats, commands, thanks, promises, and feelings.

LEARNING DEFINITION:

It is the activity or a process of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught or experiencing something. That leads to change, which occurs as a result of experience and increases the potential of improved performance and future learning.

Through the process, step-by-step an individual experiences permanent, lasting changes in knowledge, behaviors, or ways of processing the world.

TEACHING DEFINITION:

Teaching is a social process, It is an interaction between the teacher and the taught as far as it is related to imparting of the knowledge to the students, to cover almost every aspect of education, which the students are expected to learn from a teacher and which the teacher will teach them using all the teaching techniques and aids available to teach. This includes motivation, encouragement and character building of the students. We can say that teaching is to train the students in a way that they can be useful citizens in the world.